Reverse osmosis (RO) is a filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely.

In the normal osmosis process the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration. The movement of a pure solvent to equalize solute concentrations on each side of a membrane generates a pressure and this is the "osmotic pressure." Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The process is similar to membrane filtration. However, there are key differences between reverse osmosis and filtration. The predominant removal mechanism in membrane filtration is straining, or size exclusion, so the process can theoretically achieve perfect exclusion of particles regardless of operational parameters such as influent pressure and concentration. Reverse osmosis, however, involves a diffusive mechanism so that separation efficiency is dependent on solute concentration, pressure, and water flux rate.Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in drinking water purification.

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with soft water). Hard water has high concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Hard water is generally not harmful to one's health but can pose serious problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that handles water. In domestic settings, the hardness of water is often indicated by the non-formation of suds when soap is agitated in the water sample.

For the reasons discussed above, it is often desirable to soften hard water. Most detergents contain ingredients that counteract the effects of hard water on the surfactants. For this reason, water softening is often unnecessary. Where softening is practiced, it is often recommended to soften only the water sent to domestic hot water systems so as to prevent or delay inefficiencies and damage due to scale formation in water heaters.

The process of removing divalent cat ions, usually calcium or magnesium, from water. When a sample of water contains more than 120 mg of these ions per liter, expressed in terms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), it is generally classified as hard water. Hard waters are frequently unsuitable for many industrial and domestic purposes because of their soap-destroying power and tendency to form scale in equipment such as boilers, pipelines, and engine jackets. Therefore it is necessary to treat the water either to remove or to alter the constituents for it to be fit for the proposed use.

Demineralization or Deionisation is the process of removing mineral salts from water by using the ion exchange process. With most natural water sources it is possible to use Demineralisation and produce water of a higher quality than conventional distillation. Fluid Systems Manufacture a Wide range of custom-built softening, Dematerializing plants for industrial process water applications, with inherent design to conserve water, and save costs. They are available in different sizes and materials, manually operated or fully Automatic, & ready to install & are available as standard models or custom built versions for specific needs

Demineralization systems are very widely employed not only for conditioning water for high – pressure boilers but also for conditioning various process and rinse water the ion – exchange system chosen very accordingly to the volumes and composition of the raw waters, the effluent- quality require for different uses and the comparative capital and operation cost briefly if silica removal is not require the system may consist of a hydrogen – cation – exchanger unit and a weekly basic anion exchanger unit usually followed by a degasifier to remove by aeration most of the carbon dioxide formed from the bicarbonates in the first step when silica removal basic anion – exchanger unit usually with a degasifier between the unit to removed carbon dioxide ahead of the strongly basic anion –exchanger unit for uses where the very highest quality of effluent is required this may be followed by secondary polishing unit consisting of either.A hydrogen – cation – exchanger unit and a strongly basic anion–exchanger unit or A single unit containing an intimately mixed bed of a hydrogen cation – exchanger and a strongly basic anion exchanger

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